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CALCULATOR

Scientific Calculator

Full-featured scientific calculator with trig functions, logarithms, exponents, and constants. Expression history and keyboard-friendly input.

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The Power of Scientific Computation

Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometry connects angles to ratios. sin(x)returns the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse in a right triangle. At 30 degrees (0.5236 radians), sin = 0.5, cos = 0.866, tan = 0.577. This calculator uses radians by default (as does JavaScript's Math library). To convert degrees to radians, multiply by pi/180. The classic identity sin²(x) + cos²(x) = 1 holds for all values and is the foundation of countless engineering calculations from signal processing to orbital mechanics.

Logarithms: log vs. ln

log(x) = log10(x)    ln(x) = loge(x)

log (base 10)answers “10 raised to what power gives x?” — log(1000) = 3. It is used in decibels, pH scales, and Richter magnitudes. A Richter 7 earthquake is 10x more powerful than a Richter 6. ln (natural log, base e) is fundamental to calculus: the derivative of ln(x) is 1/x. It appears in compound interest (continuous compounding), radioactive decay, and population growth models.

Constants: pi and e

pi (\u03C0 = 3.14159...)is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. It appears in wave equations, probability distributions, and Einstein's field equations. It has been computed to over 100 trillion digits. e (= 2.71828...)is Euler's number, the base of the natural logarithm. It emerges naturally from compound interest: if you invest $1 at 100% interest compounded continuously, you get exactly $e after one year. It is arguably the most important constant in mathematics after 0 and 1.

Floating-Point Precision

JavaScript uses IEEE 754 double-precision floats (64-bit), providing about 15-17 significant decimal digits. This means 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.30000000000000004, not 0.3. For most scientific calculations, this precision is more than adequate. However, financial calculations should use integer arithmetic (cents, not dollars) or dedicated decimal libraries. This calculator displays results with up to 10 significant digits, rounding to avoid misleading precision.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are trigonometric functions in degrees or radians?

This calculator uses radians, matching JavaScript's Math library. To calculate sin(45 degrees), enter sin(45*3.14159/180) or approximately sin(0.7854). A full circle is 2pi radians (360 degrees), so pi/2 = 90 degrees, pi = 180 degrees.

What is the order of operations?

The calculator follows standard mathematical precedence: parentheses first, then exponents (^), then multiplication/division (left to right), then addition/subtraction (left to right). Functions like sin(), cos(), log() are evaluated when their closing parenthesis is encountered.

Can I chain calculations using the history?

The history panel shows your last 10 calculations for reference. Currently, you need to manually re-enter values. Each calculation is independent. For complex multi-step calculations, type the full expression using parentheses to group sub-expressions.